---

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Over the years, researchers from various fields, beyond medicine, have sought to expand their understanding of the disease to develop more effective treatments. Treatment planning for high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy involves designing the trajectory of the radiation source to deliver sufficient doses to the target area while minimizing exposure to surrounding organs at risk (OAR) within clinically safe limits. Since the exact tumor volume is not known, the model uses gray numbers instead of tumor volume, which provides more accurate results.
In this study, four powerful multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) NSGA¹-II, PESA²-II, SPEA³-II, and MOPSO⁴ are employed. Instead of yielding a single best solution, these algorithms produce a set of Pareto-optimal solutions, each representing a trade-off where no one solution is definitively better than the rest. However, they demonstrate improved performance compared to other optimization methods. The results show that the MOPSO algorithm performs better than the other three powerful algorithms in terms of solution quality and maintaining diversity among solutions.
 

---

Emotion recognition in Persian texts using data mining is a significant area within text analysis. Emotions are typically defined as individuals’ emotional reactions to situations, events, and information. Emotion recognition in text involves identifying and analyzing emotional content across various types of textual data. This paper presents a model for detecting different emotions in Persian texts using an enhanced transfer model. The proposed model comprises an encoder and a decoder, each equipped with a self-attention mechanism and RNN modules. Initially, a dataset of sentences annotated with emotional states—anger, happiness, sadness, and fear—is created by multiple users. These sentences are then converted into image representations and fed into the improved transfer model for emotion recognition. Experimental results demonstrate that the model effectively identifies the emotions of sadness, anger, happiness, and surprise with precision, accuracy, recall, and F1-score values of 90.25%, 91.4%, 91.6%, and 90.80%, respectively.
 

---

Facility location and routing problems have attracted significant research attention since the 1960s due to their practical relevance and complexity. Efficiently establishing production facilities, optimizing vehicle routes, and implementing effective inventory systems are essential for improving organizational performance. In this study, we propose an integrated location-routing model for the pharmaceutical supply chain, designed to satisfy all retailer demands through an appropriate inventory policy, ensuring no demand is unmet. The proposed mixed-integer mathematical model considers a four-tier supply chain, including manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers, with the objective of establishing cost-effective warehouses while fulfilling all demand requirements. Demand uncertainty is addressed using a scenario-based probabilistic approach. The model is solved using GAMS for a small-scale case study. For larger-scale instances, where exact solutions are computationally challenging, a meta-heuristic approach—specifically, a genetic algorithm—is employed to efficiently obtain near-optimal solutions.
 

---

The conjugate gradient method (CGM) stands out as one of the most rapidly growing and effective approaches for addressing unconstrained optimization problems. In recent years, significant efforts have been dedicated to adapting the CGM for tackling nonlinear optimization challenges. This research article introduces a new modification of the Fletcher–Reeves (FR) conjugate gradient projection method. The proposed method is characterized by its sufficient descent property, and its global convergence has been established under specific assumptions. Numerical experiments conducted on a range of functions from the CUTEr collection demonstrate the potential and effectiveness of the proposed methods.
 

---

Leukemia is one of the most common and dangerous types of cancer in the world. In many cases, the disease is curable if detected in its early stages. One of the effective tools for early detection is the analysis of microarray data, which measures the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. However, the large volume of features and the presence of noise make the analysis process complex and time-consuming. Therefore, the selection of effective genes plays a key role in increasing the accuracy and reducing the computational cost of learning models. In this paper, a two-step hybrid approach is presented for feature selection and classification of leukemia types. In the first step, the features are filtered using the mutual information criterion and the genes with the highest correlation with the disease label are selected. In the second step, the XGBoost model is used to rank and stably select the features to identify the genes that are most important in different iterations. In the final stage, classification will be performed using the temporal fusion transformer method, which allows for fast and efficient learning of complex patterns among selected genes. Experimental results on real microarray datasets show that the proposed method outperforms the baseline methods with an accuracy of 99.2% and has been able to identify key genes effective in differentiating leukemia types by effectively reducing the data dimensions.

 

---

Natural gas is a critical energy source that substantially contributes to meeting national energy demand. Iran possesses the world's second-largest natural gas reserves. In South Khorasan province, natural gas coverage is extensive, reaching 100% of urban households, 99.9% of rural households, and a large proportion of industrial facilities. This study examines the effects of natural gas supply to agricultural and production centers on production efficiency and economic profitability. The research is applied and employs a descriptive–survey design with a mixed-methods approach, combining structured questionnaires and expert interviews. The sample consisted of 165 respondents from the agricultural sector and 150 respondents from the production sector. Results indicate that supplying natural gas to agricultural and production centers enhances resource utilization, reduces energy costs, improves operational efficiency, and diminishes air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

---

This paper presents a constrained multi-objective deep reinforcement learning framework for urban traffic signal control. The problem is modeled as a constrained Markov decision process in which an agent simultaneously optimizes efficiency objectives while respecting explicit safety and fairness constraints. A dueling double deep Q-network (D3QN) is combined with a Lagrangian cost estimator to approximate both the reward value function and cumulative constraint costs. The state representation includes queue lengths, phase indicators and elapsed green times, and the action space consists of a small set of interpretable decisions such as extending the current green or switching to the next phase. The proposed controller is trained and evaluated in a SUMO-based microscopic simulation of a four-leg urban intersection under various traffic demand patterns. Its performance is compared with fixed-time, vehicle-actuated and unconstrained DQN controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed method can substantially reduce average delay and maximum queue length while keeping queue spillback and delay imbalance within predefined limits. These findings indicate that constrained multi-objective deep reinforcement learning offers a promising and practically deployable framework for safe and fair traffic signal control in congested urban networks, and can be extended to more complex corridors and network-wide settings in future work.
 

---

Fraud is a phenomenon that involves deviations and manipulations in financial statements. These actions can lead to tax non-compliance and erode the trust of investors and other stakeholders. Given the intricate nature and vast amount of financial data within organizations, leveraging artificial intelligence as a sophisticated tool can greatly enhance fraud detection in financial statements and bolster confidence in the face of evolving fraudulent tactics. Fraud or deception in the financial information of individuals or organizations reduces the level of trust and confidence that people have in the reliability and integrity of this information. This can lead to serious negative impacts, including loss of trust from customers, investors, and other entities, negative financial and legal consequences, and the exposure of illegal or improper operations that may involve financial crimes. This paper introduces an intelligent method for detecting fraud in financial statements. Initially, the Apriori algorithm is utilized to select pertinent features in the financial data. Subsequently, the performance of the proposed method is enhanced by augmenting the dataset using the GAN-CNN network. Finally, fraud detection is executed with the assistance of XGBoost. The results demonstrate that the proposed method has achieved a fraud detection accuracy of 95.3%.
 

---

In this paper, we investigate a solution procedure for a fuzzy linear fractional optimization problem in which the input parameters are considered as convex fuzzy numbers. By applying a specific fuzzy ranking method which is based on the α-cut concept, and according to Charnes and Cooper’s approach of variable transformation, the solution of the original fuzzy linear fractional optimization model is transformed to the solution of at most two semi-infinite linear programs that are dis similar among themselves via a sign in a constraint and in the objective function. An appropriate cutting plane algorithm(CPA) of Fang is uti lized to obtain the optimal solution of the semi-infinite linear programs. Further, the application of our provided algorithm in facility location theory is discussed properly. Finally, an illustrative example is given to clarify the developed solution procedure.